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Glutathione (GSH) is often termed the “master antioxidant”.  This tripeptide is ubiquitous in nature and is produced by every organism from bacteria, to plants to animals that derives energy from oxidative phosphorylation and respiration.  Glutathione is synthesized in the cytosol of each cell by the action of two enzymes in an elegantly regulated system that allows it to be maintained at different homeostatic levels in different tissue types, with...

Glutathione, often referred to as the “Master Antioxidant”, is the most biologically abundant antioxidant that protects almost all aerobic (air breathing) organisms from bacteria to humans. It is found mainly intracellularly (inside cells) where its concentration is in the same order as that other vital nutrient, glucose. There is no doubt that glutathione is of utmost importance for the human body. In fact, it plays a vital role in...

Glutathione (GSH) is synthesized in the cytoplasm in virtually all cells from its constituent amino acids by two sequential ATP-requiring enzyme catalyzed reactions (see figure below) . The first reaction is the formation of the dipeptide γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC) from the amino acids L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine. The second reaction adds a glycine to the Gamma-glutamylcysteine to produce the tripeptide glutathione. The first reaction is rate limiting and is catalyzed by...

Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) is a dipeptide and is the immediate precursor to the tripeptide glutathione (GSH). The intracellular concentration of gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) is generally low because gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) reacts rapidly with glycine to form glutathione (GSH). This second and final reaction step in glutathione biosynthesis is catalyzed by the activity of the ATP dependent glutathione synthase (GS) enzyme. Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) is essential to mammalian life. Mice that have had the glutamate-cysteine...