The core mediators of the immune system, the lymphocytes, perform their bacterial, viral and cancer cell killing function by generating large amounts of ROS, including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. These species are highly toxic, not only to the invaders, but also our very bodies. They effectively destroy foreign intruders by inducing large amounts of oxidative stress, but, if not kept in check, they can easily turn onto their host. Consequently, precise control of ROS production and elimination is needed ^{[5, 6]}. This is the reason why maintaining a healthy glutathione level is so essential.

Glutathione (GSH) will efficiently neutralize an overproduction of ROS. The pace of free radical generation, however, can often surpass the cellular production of glutathione (GSH), leading to a cascade of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Combined with advancing age, poor lifestyle choices or environmental stressors, all of which reduce glutathione even further, poor health outcomes are likely. Even a temporary drop in optimal glutathione levels, as has been observed after extensive exercise for instance, may cause harm due to oxidative stress.

As the first line of defense against oxidative stress, antioxidants are crucial. Glutathione (GSH) produced in our cells is the most potent antioxidant, and therefore essential in not only maintaining an optimally tuned immune system but also in ensuring the elimination of excess free radicals ^{[7, 8]}. However, the optimal level of glutathione (GSH) is easily compromised.

Homeostasis refers to an ideal regulated value or level. In the case of glutathione (GSH), our cell’s objective is to maintain glutathione (GSH) at this optimal level at all times. As efficient our cells are in doing so, our glutathione (GSH) levels can still drop below optimal. This is because, as we age or with chronic health issues, the homeostatic level decreases. In other words, our glutathione (GSH) requirements remain the same, but the cells stop producing it in the quantities needed because homeostasis has been reached.

Picture another fundamental homeostatic level that is tightly controlled: our body temperature. Fortunately, this normal level, around 98.6°F or 36.8°C, is constant throughout our lives. It never changes. The normal level of glutathione, as set by our cells, however, does change. It decreases with age or chronic disease even though we need the same amount of glutathione throughout our lives. It is akin to our body temperature slowly dropping as we age, to levels which are not sustainable. It is therefore essential for health and longevity that we increase glutathione above this decreasing homeostatic level.

To date, progress in achieving this has been slow, almost to the point of being non-existent. NAC and glutathione (GSH) do not increase cellular glutathione or, at best, do so marginally only under certain specific conditions. With the recent commercial availability of gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), the immediate precursor to glutathione (GSH), achieving increases in cellular glutathione (GSH) above homeostasis is now possible and has been confirmed in a recent human clinical trial ^[9].

References

1. Droge, W. and R. Breitkreutz, Glutathione and immune function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2000. 59(4): p. 595-600.
2. Perricone, C., C. De Carolis, and R. Perricone, Glutathione: A key player in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2009. 8(8): p. 697.
3. Ghezzi, P., Role of glutathione in immunity and inflammation in the lung. International Journal of General Medicine, 2011. 4: p. 105-113.
4. Morris, D., et al., Glutathione and infection. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – General Subjects, 2013. 1830(5): p. 3329-3349.
5. Lugrin, J., et al., The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes. Biological Chemistry, 2014. 395(2): p. 203-230.
6. Mittal, M., et al., Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 2014. 20(7): p. 1126-1167.
7. Teskey, G., et al., Glutathione as a Marker for Human Disease. Adv Clin Chem, 2018. 87: p. 141-159.
8. Maher, P., The effects of stress and aging on glutathione metabolism. Ageing Research Reviews, 2005. 4(2): p. 288-314.
9. Zarka, M.H. and W.J. Bridge, Oral administration of γ-glutamylcysteine increases intracellular glutathione levels above homeostasis in a randomised human trial pilot study. Redox Biology, 2017. 11: p. 631-636.

The post Glutathione and Inflammation appeared first on Glutathione Reporter.

We generally distinguish between two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation happens when our immune system responds to injury or infection. It serves to protect us from bacteria and viruses that could cause havoc with our health if left unchecked. Its intricate workings are well beyond the scope of this article, but, from experience, we are aware of some of the methods in the immune system’s defense arsenal. Pain, swelling, redness and heat are classic symptoms of our immune system’s attempt to control the damage. It does so by moving more blood through the affected area, effectively increasing our own ability to fight off invading pathogens or irritants. It also serves as the first steppingstone in the healing process. However, most of the critical functions take place in the background.

The release of reactive oxygen species, known as ROS or free radicals, regulates our immune responses. It serves not only to destroy pathogens but is also part of a complex signaling system that stimulates the immune system. This elaborate mechanism, however, can also work against us. It may lead to conditions where the immune system persists with a response even after eliminating the threat and completing the healing process. This condition is known as chronic inflammation ^[1].

There is consensus that chronic inflammation is a significant contributor to a wide range of diseases such as cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, diabetes, arthritis, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, autism, Parkinson’s diseases, mild cognitive impairment and even tumors. The cause of the chronic nature of these conditions is an excess of ROS released by our cells which are the major contributor to oxidative stress, thus leading to progressively worsening health outcomes. In essence, it is a condition where our body starts attacking itself.

We now understand that chronic inflammation has its roots in poor lifestyle choices such as smoking, stress, poor sleep and even environmental toxins. In rare cases, chronic diseases may also be the result of mitochondrial dysfunction. In all of these cases, the common factor remains an excessive amount of ROS; free radicals that cause cumulative damage over many years. Worse still, we are often entirely unaware of its progress until significant health issues emerge.

Glutathione, our body’s most important free radical destroyer, has been studied extensively to understand how it can help with chronic inflammation. We know that increasing cellular glutathione will help eliminate free radicals, but to do so effectively on a scale needed for chronic inflammation, requires raising glutathione above its homeostatic level. This has been almost impossible to achieve since any attempts to do so have largely failed or produced only small increases over a protracted time frame. Recently, however, encouraging results have been made with one of the building blocks of glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC)^[2].

References

1. Chen, Y., Z. Zhou, and W. Min, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Innate Immunity. Front Physiol, 2018. 9: p. 1487.
2. Zarka, M.H. and W.J. Bridge, Oral administration of γ-glutamylcysteine increases intracellular glutathione levels above homeostasis in a randomised human trial pilot study. Redox Biology, 2017. 11: p. 631-636.

The post Inflammation appeared first on Glutathione Reporter.